02. Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

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 Positive Symptoms:

  1. Delusions: Delusions are fixed beliefs that are not based in reality. Individuals with schizophrenia may experience various types of delusions, such as persecutory delusions (belief that they are being targeted or conspired against), grandiose delusions (belief in having special powers or abilities), or referential delusions (belief that ordinary events have personal significance).
  2. Hallucinations: Hallucinations are sensory experiences that occur without any external stimulus. Auditory hallucinations, such as hearing voices, are the most common type in schizophrenia. However, visual, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory hallucinations can also occur.
  3. Disorganized Speech: Disorganized speech refers to difficulties in organizing thoughts and expressing them coherently. It may manifest as incoherent or tangential speech, abrupt topic shifts, or giving irrelevant or unrelated answers to questions.
  4. Grossly Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior: This symptom involves erratic or unpredictable behavior that is not goal-directed or appropriate in a given situation. It may include unusual movements, inappropriate self-care, agitation, or unresponsiveness (in catatonia).

Negative Symptoms:

  1. Avolition: Avolition refers to a lack of motivation or inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed activities. Individuals with schizophrenia may struggle to complete tasks, have difficulty maintaining personal hygiene, and may appear apathetic or disinterested.
  2. Social Withdrawal: Social withdrawal is characterized by a reduced desire for social interaction and a decreased ability to form and maintain relationships. People with schizophrenia may isolate themselves, avoid social activities, and have difficulty engaging in conversations.
  3. Flattened Affect: Flattened affect involves a reduction or absence of emotional expression. Individuals with schizophrenia may exhibit limited facial expressions, reduced vocal inflection, and diminished emotional responses.
  4. Anhedonia: Anhedonia refers to a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. Individuals may experience a reduced capacity to experience pleasure in hobbies, relationships, and everyday experiences.

Cognitive Symptoms:

  1. Impaired Memory: Individuals with schizophrenia may have difficulties with both short-term and long-term memory. This can affect the ability to learn and remember new information or recall past events accurately.
  2. Attention Deficits: Problems with attention and concentration are common in schizophrenia. It becomes challenging to sustain focus, filter out distractions, and switch attention between tasks.
  3. Executive Dysfunction: Executive functions involve higher-level cognitive processes, such as planning, problem-solving, decision-making, and self-monitoring. Schizophrenia can impair these abilities, leading to difficulties in organizing thoughts, setting goals, and executing complex tasks.
  4. Impaired Processing Speed: People with schizophrenia may exhibit slowed cognitive processing, resulting in delays in understanding and responding to information or completing mental tasks.

It's important to note that individuals with schizophrenia may experience a combination of these symptoms, and the severity can vary among individuals. Treatment approaches, including medication and psychosocial interventions, aim to address these symptoms and improve overall functioning and quality of life.


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